Wind - A Renewable Energy Source Essay example -- Alternative Energy R

braid - A Renewable Energy Source Wind is c whollyed a renewable energy source because wind will continually be produced as long as the sun shines on the earth. The suns contribution to wind energy deals with converting air into heat or cool wind. Wind is produced by the irregular heating of the earths surface by the sun. On land, the warm air spreads and goes up in the sky, in the water, heavier and cooler air moves in to take the warm airs place, thus providing local anaesthetic winds. This power source should be used more often in the United States for its safer standards regarding the environment and finance. To capture this wind, turbines ar used to convert the renewable imagery into electricity. The energy in motion or kinetic energy is then mechanically processed. Windmills atomic number 18 used in the United States amongst other countries in the world. They are used to heat water, refrigerate produce, dry crops, irrigate crops, heat buildings, and charge batter ies for tractors on farms, etc. Most of todays windmills extract about 30 % of the winds energy (www.earthsci.org). Windmills are just as efficient as coal the difference between them is that air is less polluting than coal. Unfortunately there is no such thing as a 100 percent efficient power source. For a completely efficient source of energy, the power plants have to run all day and all year without interruption (www.eia.doe.gov). To do the fact that in order to convert electricity, windmills depend ...

Essay --

How Practitioners in Multi-Cultural College Environments Might force the Changes Associated with College Attendance. on that point are a number of ship canal for practitioners in multicultural environments to promote changes associated with college attendance. It is very important to recruit minorities in our predominantly sporting institutions as it is crucial to present an inclusive and welcoming environment. Accommodating a diverse student body is also essential. put oning programs to retain minority students is also imperative when it comes to promoting college attendance as it is important to retain the students that have been recruited. However, there are additional ways to promote changes associated with college attendance which involvesImplementing a culturally diverse curriculum to include a mandatory contour in which students from diverse backgrounds meet and exchange ideas and reading creating a signature bridge program for underrepresented minorities who are be coming freshmen creating a diversity symposium to get the institute leadership team behind the concept of promoting the changes associated with college attendance.Implement a culturally diverse curriculum to include a mandatory course in which students from diverse backgrounds meet and exchange ideas and information. The implementation of a course to accommodate students of diverse backgrounds will foster communication amongst the varying ethnicities and encourage or increase attendance amongst minority students. The racial and ethnic diversity that symbolizes the social environment provided by close peers clearly affects students in a distinctive manner. Compared to aspects of a students interpersonal environment defined by academic ability, values, ... ... ethnic diversity. There are additional diversity related efforts to include the development of cultural awareness and racial understanding (such as taking ethnic and womens studies courses, participating in ethnic student o rganizations, and attending cultural awareness workshops), these interracial interactions are informal and relevant to all students on a diverse campus, not solely those few who choose to participate in formal courses or workshops. The potential for student body diversity to positively affect cross-cultural knowledge and understanding, by dint of the mediating interpersonal context of best friends, appears to be a promising effect of college within the reach of all students. Retaining minorities who are already students at these predominantly white institutions is very important and programs and initiatives should be implemented to make this happen.

The Importance of Principles in A Man for All Seasons :: Man for All Seasons Essays

The Importance of Principles in A firearm for All Seasons   There are legion(predicate) issues that race have to deal with in society. Some issues can be difficult to handle and some can be easy. While dealing with these issues, people tend to be more curious about their personal life then the life of their time period. There are compositiony consequences that will be occurring to that situation depending on how people will deal with the problems they face in their lives. In the play Man For All Season, Thomas More, does not solitary(prenominal) life for his personal life, but also the life oh his time period that makes him a strong person who faces many issues by being pressured his family and friend, by not saying the oath, and by always sticking to his principals.          A Man for All Seasons by Robert Bolt, deals with a famous man suffers death rather that swearing on an oath which ran against the dictates of his conscience. He is a man of complete integrity and strength. More has an extremely brave mind, loyalty for his king, and a love of his religion. He is a man of strong faith and deep trust in himself when dealing with one of the difficult many situations he is placed in. One of the biggest political issues dealt with King heat content the 8th is that he needed a son. After nearly twenty years of marriage to Queen Catherine, Henry never got a son and therefore, had a divorce. Unfortunately, a papal dispensation was necessary. This dispensation is not easily obtained especially since Catherine the wife of Henrys older brother who had died. Therefore the marriage had never been valid and the request for a plunk for dispensation is refused. This is the time when Henry had asked More for his approval but More does not agree with the situation because it is against the law and his moral beliefs. As a consequence, more is direct to jail because these beliefs go against Henry orders. More is pressured by many people in this play but always tries his best to keep his beliefs and principles which makes him a Man for All Seasons.         Thomas More deals with a lot of pressures and stress that come from his family and friends.

Europeans And Aborigines In The 1700s Essay -- Australia Australian H

European ships chiefly began sailing into southern Australian waters in the 18th century. These left human cargoes nates and, unlike earlier visitors, had an immediate impact on the Aborigines, who suffered interference with their economy and lifestyle as the colonists sought and secured for themselves good sources of water, sheltered positions, and access to fish any of which were also vital to Aboriginal people.The perception that Australia was quietly settled without conflict with the Aboriginal people, an idea that, it has been argued, enabled the concept of terra nullius to be maintained, has been substantially revised in young years. It is now generally acknowledged that resistance took place right from the first tentative encroachments by European nations into Australian waters. The Dutch sailed into the Gulf of Carpentaria in 1606 and angiotensin-converting enzyme Dutch sailor was killed by the Tjungundji (whose hero was the warrior Sivirri). Another Dutch ship visited the area in 1623, but in attempting to kidnap people was met by two hundred warriors who drove the sailors away. James Cook, in spite of the popular misconception, also met with some resistance in Botany Bay. Two Tharawal men, after sending away the women and children, stood steadfast against Cooks landing. According to Cooks account of the incident We then threw them some nails, beads etc. ashore which they took up and seemd not ill pleased in so frequently that I thought that they beckoned to us to come ashore, but in this we were much mistaken, for as shortly as we put the boat in they again came to oppose us upon which I fired a musket between the two which had no other kernel than to make them retire back where bundles of their darts lay, and one of them took up a stone and threw at us w... ..., and movement controls and restriction of ceremonies meant that Aboriginal people were much more isolated from each other than they had been before. This, together with the influences and impact of European culture, resulted in the development of new artistic styles. In some areas gospel medication with a uniquely Aboriginal (or Torres Strait Islander) flavour was written and performed, in others country-and-western music or blues styles developed. More recently have come oscillate music and modern dance groups such as Bangarra. From the 1950s, new materials and styles came to be used in the visual arts, including watercolours, acrylic paints, pottery, photography, landscape, abstract art, and sculpture. These also reflected the radical changes in lifestyle and economy resulting from permanent European settlement, although the effect varied considerably across the continent.

Satellite Broadband Essay examples -- essays research papers

In recent years the demand for high-velocity networking, driven mainly by the rapid expansion of the Internet, has been growing at an exponential rate. While a wide range of wireline and wireless solutions offering broadband connectivity be or will shortly be available, communication satellites are beginning to emerge as an attractive solution in providing broadband connectivity to a variety of users.The wide area or global coverage of satellites enables help provision to a bigger number of dispersed users and solve the expensive "last-mile" issue without dedicating to each user cable, fiber, switching equipment ports, etc. The broadcast nature of satellites supports efficiently the transmission of the same message to a large number of stations, making satellites the natural choice for multicasting services. Satellites are in some(prenominal) case attractive for interconnection of geographically distributed high-speed networks, or for providing other multimedia service s to both home and business users. Hence, while much broadband communication today is carried via terrestrial links, satellites will perform to play a greater and more important role. This can be demonstrated by the increasing commercial interest in this area and the large number of systems that are currently under development.On the other hand, considerable research work is under way to overcome some of the real shortcomings constitutive(a) in satellite-based systems, such as significant propagation delays, wireless channel quality, exposure of systems to space radiation, etc. The service focus and nature of satellite systems themselves is also changing, with revolutionary new technologies such as onboard switching, spot-beam technology, inter-satellite links and constellations of systems in a variety of orbits (LEO, MEO, GEO, or Hybrid Orbits), that represent new challenges for the satellite industry.As with any hot topic today, the World Wide Web offers a wealth of instructio n on satellite systems and networks. In these pages we try to collect some of this randomness in a somewhat organized manner. We try to focus on links relevant to Broadband Satellite Systems, although we also provide links and information to related topics in the more general areas of satellite systems and communication networks. There is material here that could be useful to a satellite expert, an engineering skipper who is ne... ...iness market. However, if satellite access is really going to catch on, as operators hope and believe, then there has to be traffic over the network after basketball team oclock as well. For that to happen, there has to be a consumer market, which will require much lower priced terminals. "Satellite operators have very aggressive target prices in perspicacity for terminals, which is somewhat disadvantageous for Ericsson, compared with traditional suppliers," says Rudi Omholt. "Our strategy is to take advantage of our experiences and kno w-how from MINI-LINK and the telecom industry. Our strength lies in our reliability and quality and the fact that we are able to order operators an impressive production capacity and a global presence." Ericsson is following developments in the market for broadband access via satellite with interest, and is trying to put its finger on the desires of customers. By offering terminals and trying to land its first contract, the company hopes to form a stable foundation for new operations. "We will be setting serious requirements that one or more of the major telecom operators express an interest in the satellite market," says Ingmar Karlsson.

Satellite Broadband Essay examples -- essays research papers

In recent years the demand for high-speed net casting, goaded mainly by the rapid expansion of the Internet, has been growing at an exponential rate. While a wide range of wireline and wireless solutions offering broadband connectivity ar or will shortly be available, communication airs are beginning to emerge as an attractive solution in providing broadband connectivity to a course of users.The wide area or global coverage of satellites enables service provision to a large number of dispersed users and solve the expensive "last-mile" issue without dedicating to to each one user cable, fiber, switching equipment ports, etc. The broadcast nature of satellites supports efficiently the transmission of the same message to a large number of stations, making satellites the natural cream for multicasting services. beams are also attractive for interconnection of geographically distributed high-speed networks, or for providing other multimedia services to both home and busine ss users. Hence, while much(prenominal) broadband communication today is carried via terrestrial links, satellites will come to play a greater and more important role. This can be demonstrated by the increasing commercial interest in this area and the large number of systems that are currently under development.On the other hand, considerable research work is under way to overcome some of the serious shortcomings inhithernt in satellite-based systems, such as significant propagation delays, wireless channel quality, exposure of systems to lieu radiation, etc. The service focus and nature of satellite systems themselves is also changing, with revolutionary new technologies such as onboard switching, spot-beam technology, inter-satellite links and constellations of systems in a variety of orbits (LEO, MEO, GEO, or Hybrid Orbits), that represent new challenges for the satellite industry.As with any hot topic today, the World Wide Web offers a wealth of information on satellite system s and networks. In these pages we try to collect some of this information in a somewhat organized manner. We try to focus on links applicable to Broadband Satellite Systems, although we also provide links and information to related topics in the more general areas of satellite systems and communication networks. There is material here that could be useful to a satellite expert, an engineering professional who is ne... ...iness market. However, if satellite access is really going to catch on, as operators hope and believe, then on that point has to be traffic over the network after five oclock as well. For that to happen, there has to be a consumer market, which will require much lower priced terminals. "Satellite operators have very aggressive target prices in mind for terminals, which is somewhat disadvantageous for Ericsson, compared with traditional suppliers," says Rudi Omholt. "Our strategy is to take advantage of our experiences and know-how from MINI-LINK and t he telecom industry. Our strength lies in our reliability and quality and the fact that we are able to show operators an impressive production capacity and a global presence." Ericsson is following developments in the market for broadband access via satellite with interest, and is trying to put its finger on the desires of customers. By offering terminals and trying to land its first contract, the company hopes to form a shelter foundation for new operations. "We will be setting serious requirements that one or more of the major telecom operators express an interest in the satellite market," says Ingmar Karlsson.

Employee rewards Essay

Employee reward is about how people are rewarded in accordance with their range to an musical ar deviatement (Armstrong, 2001). It is concerned with both financial and non financial rewards and embraces the philosophies, strategies, policies, plans and processes used by composition to development maintain reward systems. An employee reward system consist of an organizations integrated policies, processes, practice, structures and procedures which depart provide and maintain appropriate type and levels of pays benefits and other forms of rewards.The main components of a reward system include processes for measuring the value of phone lines, the persona of individuals in those jobs and the range and level of employee benefit to be provided, these processes consist of job evaluation, market rate analyses and performance management (Armstrong,2004). Practice for motivating people by use of financial and non-financial rewards, the financial reward rewards consist of base and varia ble pay and employee benefits and allowances and non-financial rewards are provided through effective leadership, the work itself and the opportunities given to employees to develop their skills and careers.Structures for relating pay and benefit levels to the value of positions in the organization and for providing place setting for rewarding people according to their performance, competence, skill and experience (Gephart&Caroll, 1998). Employee rewards are an effective way to drive performance and reinforce the appearance that helps a company meets its objectives. Pay bands are profiled in terms of the level of required competence, which describe the typical or minimum requirements of the roles allocated to each band.Individual roles are then slotted into the appropriate band by the company their profile with the band profiles. The purpose of pay structure is to organize and demonstrate organizations compensation philosophy and to resile and support the advancement of the compa ny culture. An effective pay structure allows employees to attract and retain the people who can help achieve our business goals (Jones, 1991). Broad tie pay structure is one in which the range of pay is significantly higher than convectional rambled structures.The progression is appropriate because they provide for much flexibility in making and administrating pay decision. Broad bind structure recognizes that in flat organizations career are more likely to develop deep down more generally homogenous areas of responsibilities rather than progressing up a number of steps in a clearly defined hierarchy. This structure has few broad bands which reduces the problem of grade drift.More authority is developed to managers to manager rewards in their departments which they can view them as their kingdom. The broad banded pay structure posses a problem of lordly pay decision so that a fair degree of equity and consistency is achieved. Broad banded pay structure requires that the line managers are literate on the issues of pay otherwise the process testament be badly managed and complains will arise in the organizational of discrimination in pay.Broad banded pay structure can only succeed in sophisticated organizations with a tradition of good pay practices if this is not adhered to misunderstanding may number due to irregularities in pay of employees doing the same job. Broad banded pay structure enable line mangers the freedom to manage the pay of their staff within their budget but this can become disadvantageous especially if the managers create their own kingdoms in these departments. Also too much scope for pay progression.The get a line mechanism in broad banded pay structure can be provided but can be difficult to mange and costly as job evaluation of no longer drive grading decisions (White&Drunken, 2000). Broad banded may pay structure create unrealistic expectation or scope for pay rise as it seems to restrict the scope for promotions making if dif ficult to understand equal pay progress. All these issues can cause potential problems in an organization that operates a traditional delimitate banded structure.Narrow banded structure has ten or more graded and progression is expected to move on in small but relatively frequent steps. Progression is usually linked to performance. It is more appropriate in an organization when the organization is large and bureaucratic with well defined and extended hierarchies. In narrow banded structure pay progression is expected to occur in small but relatively frequent steps (Thrope&Homan, 2000). The culture in the organization having narrow banded structure is one in which mass significance is attached to status as indicated by grindings.This pay structure is appropriate when same little scope of pay is wanted as it facilitates control and clearly indicating relativities. In a narrow banded structure the hierarchy is tall as all the jobs are allocated into a salary grade within the structu re on the basis of an sagacity of their internal and external value hence it will be difficult for a broad banded pay structure when being introduced in the organization as it is mostly appropriate for flat organization not all hierarchy organization.Each salary grade consists of a salary range in narrow banded structure which can be 10 or more grades while in a broad banded pay structure. It is more flexible and can consist of five to six broad bans. In a narrow banded structure the rate of salary progressive is ascertain by performance as well as length of service while the broad banded pay structure progression is linked to contribution and competency of the employee.In narrow banded pay structure the number of salary ranges required depends on the lower and upper salary level of the jobs in the structure of an organization, the differentiate between the ranges, and the number of distinct levels of responsibility in the hierarchy which need to be catered for by separate grades. This will create many pay grade which if a broad banded pay structure is introduced in the organization implementation will be difficult as it will be possible to design and differentiate them more accurately as an aid to better precision when grading jobs.

Travel and Tourism Unit 7 P4

P4) Review factors that have contributed to one declining destination (Cyprus) and one developing (Greece) in the europiuman run short market. developing destination Greece Greece is also known as Hellenic Republic, the first country in Europe to advance civilization, Greece is one of the most rebukeed country in Europe locate in southern Europe near Albania, Turkey, Bulgaria, and Rep. Macedonia. Greece is the home of the Olympic Game Olympic game is popular in Greece, also across the world.People do to travel there because of the sport facilities in 2004 Greece hosted the EUFA Euro 2004, and people love to go there because of the sport events. Greece is a country full of culture and tradition. This is Acropolis of Athens strengthened in 6th century BC Acropolis is the most visited building in Greece people love to visit this building because it tells the all story of the beginning of finish in Europe, according the local newspaper Kathimerine, most of the visitors who visited the Acropolis in 2007 were students in majority.To visit the building cost 12/6 euro per person according creteTrave. com. This is Aegean Sea locate between Greece and Turkey. Aegean Sea is one of the natural feature most visited in Greece, millions of tourists visited the sea last year. People love to visit Aegean Sea because of the sea temperature, in spend the sea temperature goes up to 21- 26c sometime even 30c, in pass is 10- 18c. Rage of accommodation in Greece, Greek accommodation has the European standard starting from 3 to 5*, Greek accommodation is considered has the best in southern-east Europe.Acropolis Museum Boutique Hole is one of the best hotel in Athens locate in the heart of Athens. People love to visit Athens because of the hotel prices little(a) break costs 32. 00, family room costs 280, single 57 and double room costs 65. For example 11 night costs 173. 89. I theorise thats why people love to visit Athens. This is Greeces climate Greece has Mediterranean w eather which means 10c in winter and summer 22c, the weather also play a significant role in Greece.Greece is a country with the best accessibility that we can compare to another(prenominal) country in west Europe. According to British Airways a fly to Athens costs ? 65. 50 duration of the flight is 3h 40. Greece does appeal to everyone mid-class, high-toned can visit Greece it costs less than inbound in the UK according to Travelweekly. com, Greece is the heart of European civilization, 99. 9% believe Greece is a place to visit, and study.Greece is the home of lay with its histories and beautiful weather of Mediterranean, a country which inspired the rest of European country to develop. Declining destination Cyprus There has been a major decline in the travel and tourism sector in Cyprus. A 2. 4% overall decrease in arrivals were recorded last month compared to the same month in 2009 and a decrease of 10. 2% was recorded in arrivals from the UK for the year suggesting that Cypru s is beginning to become a less popular holiday destination for the British one of Cyprus primary(prenominal) markets.It is though that this decrease is due to a combination of redevelopment of other Mediterranean holiday destinations and increasing trust in budget airlines. For example, Greece has reported an 8. 4% increase in arrivals in 2010 compared to the same period in 2009. Budget airlines such as easy jet and Ryan air also do not fly to Cyprus and have made nearby locations a more attractive offer, which in combination with the credit crunch has significantly impacted peoples buying decisions. ban Expensive Poor quality Downmarket Positive Weather Sea Countryside English speaking Weddings Major tour operators seeking to increase their share of tax income Trend to all inclusive will reduce revenue in Cyprus and damage tertiary businesses One in three UK holidaymakers uses Tripadvisor for information. Of those, one third motley their plans as a result Tripadvisor consisten t Cyprus themes Expensive Rip off Scams Ghost town

Discrimination towards Asians Essay

The expansion of America was a realization within the political and financial elite that there is a film for America to create markets in foreign countries for the American goods. By the turn of the 1890s there was a lot of surplus in goods that we need to penetrate overseas markets to address on a lower floor consumption and economical crisis. The United States was nether the premise that the countries with the largest navies and military force would eventually inherit the earth (Zinn, 1942).Before the election of President William McKinley he verbalize that the American people needs overseas market for the surplus products since the American soil and factories atomic number 18 producing more than what the American people needed. This surplus should be of the improvement of the country since it will bring commercial supremacy. This supremacy led to the expansionist view in politics and even in the naval forces. President Roosevelt created propaganda for expansion in the 1890 s together with opposite political elites who sh ar his expansionist standpoint. Roosevelt was perhaps the greatest expansionist of his time.He was up to penetrate Hawaii, Philippines and China. In 1898, 10% of American goods were sold in the foreign markets which amounted to billions of dollars. By the year 1895, the foreign investment of American Capitalists has reached billions of dollars especially in the steel industry. This further fanned the need for the American capitalists to create overseas markets and this made engaging in war an option. As in the case of Philippines, the conflict between the Spanish conquerors and the Filipino rebels coat way for the intervention of America in the guise of generosity.In 1899, the American governing body under the presidency of William McKinley sent troops to the Philippines to aide the Filipinos in fighting their war against the Spaniards. Mckinley states four reasons on why he decided to colonize the Philippines. The first was he can t give the Philippines back to the Spaniards. entropy is that he cant give the Philippines to the French. Third is that he thinks that the Philippines is unfit to govern for themselves and the forth is that he has no choice but to adopt the Filipinos and exercise them (Zinn, 1942).By the term civilized and unfit he was under the nonion that Filipinos be savages, uneducated, and unscrupulous. This only shows that even the president of a democratic country thinks meanspirited of a race that has endured 300 years of oppression and was courageous enough to ouster a government as strong as Spain. The country was under the Spanish rule for more than 300 hundred years and the Filipinos were craving for freedom. The Filipinos under the leadership of Emilio Aguinaldo were gaining much power at that time and some historians say that the Filipino people could have won the war without the American intervention.Since the Americans came on cue, just as the war was supposed to end, America t ook all the credit and mark themselves as heroes and liberator of the country. This scenario is similar to what the United States did to Cuba. When the Cuban rebels sought help from the United States, they sent American troops instead of financial resources (Zinn, 1942). When the Spanish colonizers where defeated, the US did not recognize the efforts of the rebels and took over Cuba. Before the US freed Cuba, they made sure that Platt amendment will be added to the constitution giving the US rights to intervene with the Cuban government. both(prenominal) US bases where also retained and the Cuban market was remained opened to American exports. In the case of the Philippines, US intervention came in together with education, clothing, healthcargon and new(prenominal) primary necessities that were deprived by the Spaniards. Since the Spaniards aimed to suppress education among Filipinos and keep them dependent to their regime, the Education for everyone scheme of the United States w as a hit for most of the Filipinos. However the struggle go along for those who seek real independence (Grey, 2003).The expansionist point of view of Americans towards the Philippines was regarded as acts of robbery and oppression by a black soldier designated in the Philippines. It was a bloody war as news articles and journals of soldiers revealed that they shot Filipinos like rabbits including the women and children who were helpless (Zinn, 1942). Discrimination in the political system was also evident since only the Americans coincide office and Filipinos where kept at the lower offices of the political structure. Similar to the faith of those non-whites, the Filipino people where discriminated even in todays society.Due to economic reasons a great percentage of Filipinos ar now working abroad as domestic workers. Blue collar jobs such as domestic helpers, twirl workers, waiters and etc ar the most common employment for Filipinos residing in the United States (Manalansan, 2 003). Because of this, stereo graphemes where based upon the assumption that Filipinos are uneducated and are capable of doing only menial jobs. In fact, in a British dictionary the meaning of the word Filipina is domestic helper. This may be attributed to the fact that 90% of Filipinos working abroad are females.However, we fail to see is that a large percentage of these Filipino workers have a college degree and are in fact educated. Sociology dictates that since Filipinos have been subjected to three colonizers (Spanish, Americans and Japanese) they are by nature patient, enduring and industrious. Thus, doing menial jobs are sacrifices they are willing to distinguish just to alleviate their families current economic status (Manalansan, 2003). Today, the Philippines is the worlds major exporter of work force especially in health care.Filipino nurses and care givers pride themselves as pioneers in their craft and the country even hails them as the present day heroes. However, when they stigmatize foot on the foreign soil, that pride turns to discrimination. though they are well capable and well trained in nursing, skin color often hinders them from creation treated the same way as that of the white nurses. A quote from the TV show Desperate Housewives uttered by Teri Hatcher says Okay, before we go both further, can I check those diplomas because I just wanna make sure that theyre not from some med school in the Philippines.This only supports the fact that Filipinos are still caught under the stereotype that they are incapable and are discriminated upon (Salanga, 2007). In comparison to the African-Americans, Filipinos experience greater amount of discrimination due to the fact that they are smaller, randomness is the portrayal of the Philippines as a country of terrorists, third is that they are uneducated and forth is that most of them dont speak good English. except unknown to most Americans is that there is a thriving business of call centers in the Philippines which started in 2000.When we dial customer service and ask for help for a certain product, we might be seeking advice from Filipinos that we discriminate against. The thing is we dont even notice that they are Filipinos by the way they speak. They are practiced in English and are able to address of plights properly, hence, the notion that Filipinos are dumb serves as an irony. In call centers, we ask for help from Filipinos and not the other way around. At present the Call center industry in the Philippines captures 20% of the world market share in call centers and the Philippine government aims to get 50% of share by the year 2008 (Ortigas Online, 2007).Filipinos today face what sociologists call double jeopardy. Because Filipinos are discriminated, they have difficulty of finding good jobs. It is estimated that a majority of Filipinos in the United States today are still holding blue collar jobs though some of them have white collar jobs. Some have even made it big time in the United States just like the lead singer of the Pussy Cat Dolls who is a Filipino-American (Ezugwu, 2007). Though some have made it up in the economic ladder, Filipinos still comprise the majority in service sectors jobs in the United States. Their poverty reinforces their nonage status.Thus, the so-called ladder of discrimination as what sociologists call is also reinforced. Filipinos have the difficulty of upgrading their status by economic means because of these stereotypes. Thus, white Americans always link up Filipinos with poverty, terrorism, violence and ignorance. This then hinders them from alleviating their status and making their chances at getting high paying jobs a lot slimmer as compared to the whites. However, when I check the web and type Philippines in the search box it is amazing how it differs from what the media is projecting.As a country the Philippines has wonderful places and beautiful culture. They are deeply rooted to their religion and values wh ich make them generally warm and happy individuals (Tope, L. & Nonan-Mercado, 2007). Their history with the Spaniards taught Filipinos how to be industrious and enduring as they were colonized by Spain for 300 years. These characteristics of Filipinos show in their approach to their work here in the United States. I think the fact that they are willing to occupy menial jobs that most Americans would shun is a manifestation that they are hardworking people.Perhaps it is this realization that led to further acceptance to the Filipino culture and the Filipino people. In the United States there are Filipino communities in every state (The Filipino, 2007) and a lot of Americans prefer to have Filipino wives saying that Filipinos make a loving wife and mother. The country also has a strong president as of pres time and aims to renew the image of the Philippines as a country filled with communists. President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo wasfeatured in the Times Magazine for the second time and was hailed as one of the most powerful women in Asia (Spaeth, 2001).Since she is very stern in her fight against terrorism the Philippines and the Filipinos are beginning to portray a wonderful picture in our minds. In addition to that, society has become more lenient as to the case of racism. Many citizens are now mindful that skin color or race does not limit a persons ability to do his job properly. Filipinos, much like the other minority groups should be given the chance to grow and show their abilities. The growing popularity of snit racism and equality has made some impact on the way Filipinos are treated, however it is not yet evident in most cases.Referencehttp//www.commondreams.org/scriptfiles/views03/1117-11.htm

Outline and Evaluate Research Essay

Many center of attentionwitnesses are called to testify because they have witnessed a crime, accident or incident. The anxiety if this may cause an equal on the reliability of their EWT. There are two main issues in this question firstly the prediction of the Yerkes Dodson Law that as arousal increases, then so does performance weather spotting, stage performance, or memory encoding, up to an individual optimum level. However, after this optimum level it is suggested that the performance of the individual will decline, this could be triggered by terror. This theory was supported by Deffenbacher et als research. The second issue is the weapons focus effect In Easterbrooks research he predicted that caution will narrow to the source of the threat e.g the knife the man is holding therefore peripheral level is lost e.g the details of the perpertrators face. This was supported by Loftuss laboratory studies in an artificial environment using film and slides, using independent groups de sign, where a control cracks showed the participants a similar scene without weapons.In the first group they had a scene which they believed to be a real life violent crime involving a weapon, results showed that the participants remembered the knife in great detail but no other features, such as the perpetrators face clothing etc. However the participants in the control conditions witnessed the same somebody but only in a peaceful situation and the participants were able to recognise the man when given 50 photos. When we examine real life eye witness testimony recall however, there is excellent recall of detail, and the weapons-focus effect was not supported. Yullie and Cutshall (1986) conducted a natural experiment on 13 out of 21 bystanders who had witnessed a violent shooting 4-5 months previously. There recall was detailed and accurate and they were resistant to leading questions months after the payoff.Therefore, this suggest that bystanders had reached the optimum level ( Y erkes Dodson Law) when they they witnessed the death of the brigand who had previously wounded the owner in Vancouver gun shop before the owner killed him. Weapon focus did not influence witness recall. Therefore we adopt to examine witnesses to the violent crime who faced a weapon rather than a bystander to confirm the effect of weapon focus shown by Loftus. The natural experiment conducted by Christanson and Hubinette (1993) in Sweden re-interviewed 58 witnesses (customers and bank tellers) to bank robberies that occurred around Stockholm in one year. Those witnesses who faced the weapon (banktellers) they had better recall and accuracy of the event after a period of time rather than the bystanders. Optimum arousal is suggested but weapon focus is challenged.The ecological validity of this evidence is high although the participants cannot be randomly assigned to the experiment and there is no control condition as there would be in a laboratory experiment. However, Laboratory exp eriments want the intense arousal of a real crime so the supposed weapons effect may be the effect of distinct and unexpected events distracting participants to the unusual cistron in the familiar. A strong point of Loftuss field experiment and supports the weapon focus effect is that it has ecological validity and comparison to the control condition provide strong support. A criticism is the inability of researchers fro randomly allocate participants in this study to experimental and control conditions to control individual differences.

An investigation on the development of car safety and the importance of airbags Essay

Chemistry experiment to simulate the inflation of an gentle windbag in case of a elevator railway car crashAimOur aim is to create a chemical reaction to demonstrate the rapid inflation used in locomotes.The inflation of an airbag is a very fast reaction, and the typical reactants used be a admixture of Calcium vitamin Cate (CaCO3), Potassium nitrate (KNO3) and Silicon dioxide. When a car crash occurs a sensor in the cars airbag triggers the reaction that onlyow for save the number unmatchable woods life if the promote at which he is moving is greater than 16-24 km/h-1. The nitrogen has to be arises much quickly than the driver hitting the instruction wheel. The entire reaction is completed in less than 1/25 of 1 sec, because of the danger of this reaction, to demonstrate in a homogeneous way the reaction that takes run in an airbag we have chosen to inflate a b eachoon victimisation the hitman obtained by the reaction of a metal acid to produce sodium carbonate.E quationCa(s) + 2HCl(aq) = Ca(aq) + (g) + O(l)Materials-Conical Flask-Cork with delivery tube- heating plant mats-spatula-chemicals (baking soda) goggles ( sanctuary glasses)Procedure Gather all apparatus needed for the entire experiment Set up all apparatus Pour CaCo3 into the conical flask Add the HCl to the solution already in the conical flask Cover the flask with a cork up delivery tube which will then allow to blow up the balloon Observe the reactionConclusionOur experiment was successful in proving the conk out of an airbag of a car. Our experiment aimed to demonstrate the safety of the passengers of an automobile, through the use of an airbag. For our interpersonal chemistry experiment we chose to adapt the airbag inflation to our IB program syllabus, hence by doing an experiment similar to the one we had already successfully completed during the school year. was the element produced that chief(prenominal)ly inflated the balloon, the reaction took place al nigh straight o ff. Hence, we have experimented the chemical reaction of a metal acid that produced Sodium Carbonate and inflated a balloon, the reaction was similar to the inflation of an airbag, proving the compar suitable chemistry principles.Research QuestionHow airbags managed to improve automobile safety.IntroductionThe development of airbags began with the idea for a formation that would save automobile drivers and passengers in a car accident, whether they were wearing their bottom belts or not. Nowadays, airbags are coercive in in the raw cars and are designed to act as a supplementary safety device in addition to a seat belt.Airbags were invented in 1953. The automobile industry started in the late 1950s to research airbags and soon discovered that on that point were m whatsoever difficulties in the development of an airbag. Crash tests showed that for an airbag to be utilitarian as a protective device, the bag must deploy and inflate within 40 milliseconds. The system must also be able to distinguish the difference between a severe crash and a minor fender-bender. These technological difficulties slowed the airbag creation process of 30 years, and in detail, it was in the mid eighties that airbags started to be installed in all cars produced.In recent years, increased reports in the media concerning deaths or hard injuries receivable to airbag deployment have led to a national news about the effectiveness and safety of airbags. Questions are being raised as to whether airbags should be mandatory, and whether their safety can be improved. However, as Graph 1 and 2 demonstrate, airbags have saved lives and have displace the number of severe injuries.Graph 1This bar graph shows that at that place is a significantly higher step-down in moderate to serious head injuries for people using airbags and seat belts together than for people using only seat belts.Graph 2Deaths among drivers using both airbags and seat belts are 26% lower than among drivers using seat belts alone.An airbag must be able to deploy in a matter of milliseconds from the sign collision have-to doe with. It must also be pr as yetted from deploying when there is no collision. Hence, the early component of the airbag system is a sensor that can detect head-on collisions and immediately trigger the airbags deployment. One of the simplest designs employed for the crash sensor is a steel ball that slides inner a smooth bore. The ball is held in place by a permanent magnet or by a stiff spring, which inhibit the balls drift when the car drives over bumps or potholes. However, when the car decelerates very quickly, as in a head-on crash, the ball suddenly bowel movements forward and turns on an galvanising circuit, initiating the process of inflating the airbag.Once the electrical circuit has been turned on by the sensor, a pellet of sodium azide (NaN3) is ignited. A rapid reaction occurs, generating nitrogen gas (N2). This gas fills a nylon or polyamide bag at a amphetamine of 150 to 250 miles per hour. This process, from the initial impact of the crash to full inflation of the airbags, takes only about 40 milliseconds (Movie 1). Ideally, the body of the driver (or passenger) should not hit the airbag while it is still inflating. In order for the airbag to cushion the head and torso with air for maximum protection, the airbag must begin to deflate as the body hits it. Otherwise, the high internal pressure of the airbag would create a surface as hard as stone, a device that wouldnt result useful to the passenger or driver.EvaluationThe kinetic theory of gases assumes that gases are ideal, thus that there are no interactions between molecules, and the size of the molecules is lesser compared to the free stead between the molecules, but molecules are as a physical body that moves continually through space in random directions.In a microscopical find, the pressure exerted on the walls of the container is the result of molecules colliding w ith the walls, and hence exerting military posture on the walls (Graph 3). When many molecules hit the wall, a large force is distributed over the surface of the wall, which gives pressure.An important fact derived from the kinetic theory of gases shows that the average kinetic energy of the gas molecules depends only on the temperature. Since average kinetic energy is related to the average speed of the molecules (EK = mu2 / 2, where m=mass and u is the average speed), the temperature of a gas sample must be related to the average speed at which the molecules are moving. Thus, we can view temperature as a measure of the random motion of the particles, defined by the molecular speeds.This implies that there must be a range ( distribution) of speeds for the system. In fact, there is a typical distribution of molecular speeds for molecules of a given molecular weight at a given temperature, agnisen as the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution (Graph 3). This distribution was first predict ed using the kinetic theory of gases, and was then verified experimentally using a time-of-flight spectrometer. As shown by the Maxwell-Boltzmann distributions in Graph 3, there are very few molecules traveling at very low or at very high speeds. The maximum of the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution shows the intermediate speed at which the largest number of molecules are traveling. As the temperature increases, the number of molecules that are traveling at high speeds increases, and the speeds become more evenly distributed in the curves.Graph 3The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution can be shown graphically as the plot of the number of molecules traveling at a given speed versus the speed. As the temperature increases, this curve broadens and extends to higher speeds.As seen in Graph 3, there is a unique distribution curve for each temperature. Temperature is defined by a system of gaseous molecules only when their speed distribution is a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. Any other type of s peed distribution rapidly becomes a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution by collisions of molecules, which transfer energy. Once this distribution is achieved, the system is said to be at thermal equilibrium, and hence has a temperature.When a body hits the steering wheel directly, the force of this impact is distributed over a small area of the body, resulting in injuries to this area. The area that hits the steering wheel is shown in red.When a body is restrained by an airbag, the force of the impact is distributed over a such(prenominal) larger area of the body, resulting in less severe injuries. The area that hits the airbag is shown in orange.ConclusionThe law of inertia, is demonstrated in a car collision and it is northwards first law which states that objects moving at a constant velocity continue at the same velocity unless an external force acts upon them. When a car stops suddenly, as in a car incident, a body inside the car continues moving forward at the same velocity as the car was moving prior to the collision, because its inertial tendency is to continue moving at constant velocity. However, the body does not continue moving at the same velocity for long, but rather comes to a stop when it hits some(prenominal) object in the car, such as the steering wheel or dashboard.Thus, there is a force exerted on the body to change its velocity. Injuries from car accidents result when this force is very large. Airbags protect you by applying a restraining force to the body that is littler than the force the body would experience if it hit the dashboard or steering wheel suddenly, and by spreading this force over a larger area. For simplicity, in the discussion below, we will consider only the case of a driver hitting the steering wheel. If there is a restraining device as an airbag, the force of impact decreases, hence, the airbag reduces the rate of deceleration. Therefore, the force on the body is smaller and fewer injuries result.When an airbag restrains t he body, the body exerts an equal and opposite force on the airbag. Unlike the immovable steering wheel, the airbag is collapse slowly. This deflation can occur because of the presence of vents in the bag. The force exerted by the body pushes the gas through the vents and thus deflates the bag. Because the gas can only leave at a certain rate, the bag deflates slowly.Additionally, airbags tending reduce injuries by spreading the force over a larger area. If the body crashes directly into the steering wheel, all the force from the steering wheel will be applied to a localized area on the body that is the size of the steering wheel, from which a serious injury can form. However, when the body hits an airbag, which is larger than a steering wheel, all the force from the airbag on the body will be spread over a larger area of the body. Therefore, the force on any peculiar(prenominal) point on the body is smaller. Hence, less serious injuries will occur, this will also help to save th e drivers and passengers life. This is how a simple chemical equation avoids the deaths of millions.Physics ExperimentInvestigating safety on carsIntroductionAs cars became increasingly powerful and fast, rate of incidents increased exponentially and, usually more violent. This meant, over the years, a constant research and development of new security measures, and even nowadays more and more new systems are introduced every day. This development gave birth to what we now consider to be the basic requirements of any safe car, such as seat belts, air bags and fall in zones.Crumple zonesThe structures that in cars are commonly known as crumple zones are areas lay on the front and usually on the rear of a vehicle that are designed to absorb energy during impact in a inevitable and controlled way.In the late 1950s, the general population still believed that the stronger the structure of a car, the safer that car would be during an incident. Actually, however, this kind of constructio n criteria proved to be fatal to most passengers. This is because during a collision all the energy of the impact went directly to the vehicle and onto the passengers. In 1967, the Mercedes Heckflosse was the first mass production car in the world to tout crumple zones and a safety coop. In order to fit appropriate crumple zones, the truck was made nigh 50% bigger. Nowadays car featuring crumple zones and rigid cabs are standard safety requirements in almost every car made throughout the world. The fact that a car that crushes more soft protects its passengers more than a car that does not crush at all, may seem strange, but, in fact, the reason for this seem obvious when considering the physics behind it. due norths first law states that a body will remain at rest or continue travelling at uniform motion (constant velocity) unless a force is acted on it. Therefore, in a situation in which a car is impacting with a wall, if a vehicle is travelling at 70 km/h, the passengers insid e are doing the same, and when the vehicle collides with the wall and comes to a sudden stop, the passengers bodies will continue going in the same direction at the same speed, 70 km/h. As stated in the law, these bodies will keep on moving forward until they themselves collide with a part of the car or with another passenger. Even when the human body comes to rest in this kind of incident, its internal organs slam against each other and against bones. This will, of course cause, injuries to the passengers and sometimes even death.Newtons second law of motion states thatThe law conveys that as the time interpreted by the car to arrive to complete rest increases, the force transferred to the car and, therefore its passengers, will be decreased. On the other hand, if the amount of time to reach complete halt is decreased, the force experienced will be greater.Crumple zones are specifically designed in order to crush, absorbing part of the force of the collision. The force of the colli sion is given out during the impact in the form of heat, sound and in from of mechanical work through on the crumple zone. The front (and rear) part of the car acts as a cushion and it is able to increase the time taken to reach complete halt and, hopefully, save the passengers lives. However crumple zones only work provided there is no intrusion on external elements, like the engine, in the rigid cage.This concept can be slow explained thought a simply example. Take for instance two object, the first is a solid steel block, while the second is an aluminium can.When the solid steel block (or car with no crumple zones) impacts with the wall, the wall does not move and, instead, exerts an equal magnitude and opposite direction force on the block. This causes the block to bounce off the wall in an elastic manner, conserving almost all its initial kinetic energy (EK) and, therefore, experiencing a large force.On the other hand when considering the aluminium can, the situation is differ ent. When an aluminium can (or a car with crumple zones) impacts with a wall, it does not conserve all of its initial kinetic energy (EK). This is because, instead of just bouncing off, some of the kinetic energy is transformed into mechanical work, heat and sound , during the squashing of the crumple zones. The result is a smaller force acted on the can. The action of crumple zones increases the time of collision and lessens the amount of force experienced by the aluminium can.Specific materialsAs seen in the previous section, the material with which different parts of the vehicle are built are of primary importance. Depending on how we neediness specific parts of the car to behave, specific material must be chosen. For instance, crumple zones are expected to crush easily, while the inner rigid cage is supposed to withstand higher forces without braking. Based on this information we can determine that the best material to build a crumple zone is an easily bendable metal like alumin ium, instead for the rigid cage, a much harder alloy like steel.Alloys are partial or complete solid solutions of one or more elements (metallic or/and non-metallic) in a metallic lattice. Alloys usually present different properties from those of the elements composing them. Alloying one metal with one or more metals or non-metals often improves the properties of the starting elements. For instance, when considering steel we can see how this alloy is stronger than its primary element, iron (Fe). Even though physical properties, such as density, reactivity, electrical and thermal conductivity, of the alloy does not differ inn great amount from those of its constituent elements, engineering properties such as tensile authority and shear strength can differ considerably.The tensile strength of a material is the maximum amount of tensile stress (measured in Newton) that it can tolerate before it crying to parts. The shear strength, instead, is the ability of the material to resist shea r stress. The increase in both tensile strength and shear strength are usually due to the sizes of the atoms in the alloy. Larger atoms in the alloy apply a compressional stress on neighbouring atoms, and smaller atoms apply a tensional stress on their neighbours. This particular composition of alloys helps to resist deformation when a strong force is applied on it. Even when the amounts of each element in an alloy are adapted slightly, this presents huge differences in physical engineering properties and behaviour.For instance, very small amounts of carbon (C) (between 0.2% and 2.1%) are added to iron (Fe) and act as hardening agents preventing dislocation of the iron atoms. From the pic on the left it is possible to see how the atoms of carbon (A) place in between the atoms of iron (B), preventing the sliding of the layers of iron atoms. However, in case the amount of carbon was excessive, this would have the opposite effect, causing the iron to be brittle and break easily. Some alloys are made by melting and mixing two or more metallic elements. The first alloy ever discovered was bronze, it was made of copper and tin, and was discovered during the prehistoric period known as the bronze age. It was primarily used to make tools and weapons, but later it has been used for ornaments, bells, statues, and bearings.Video of crash testsInvestigating the effectiveness on crumple zones during a frontal collisionSUV caboodle of the trolley/kgDistance from the wall /mTime taken/sDistance travelled after collision/mDetailed history of the airbag productionInvented at the start of the 1950s, it only came to wide use during the 1960s. Air bag-equipped cars have demonstrated, both in controlled tests and everyday use, their effectiveness and reliability (in frontal collisions, deaths for drivers, were lowered by 28 percent in vehicles featuring air bags).In order to answer to the increased of safety concerns of the consumers, the federal government has forced all car m anufacturers to upgrade the safety features installed on their cars. The Department of Transportation (DOT) regulations require that all cars sold in the US, being produced starting from year 1990, had to feature a passive voice parapet system. Passive restraint systems are security systems that require no activation by the driver and usually are identified to be automatic rifle seat belts and air bags. For air bags, until year 1994 the regulations only require a drivers air bag and must include passive protection on the passengers side (seatbelts). Later, in 1991, a new law required both driver and passenger air bags in all cars by year 1998 and in light trucks and vans by year 1999.Air bags are inflatable cushions designed to protect car passengers from serious or even fatal injury in case of a collision. The air bag is part of a system, also known as an air cushion restraint system (ACRS) or an air bag supplemental restraint system (SRS) (they are called supplemental because th e air bag is designed to supplement the protection of seat belts). When detecting a collision, the air bags inflate instantly to provide the passenger with a big gas-filled cushion.A typical air bag system consists of an air bag module (containing an inflator or gas generator and an air bag), crash sensors, a diagnostic monitoring unit, a steering wheel connecting coil, and an indication lamp. These components are all interconnected by a wiring harness and powered by the vehicles battery.Air bag sensors are specifically designed to prevent the air bag from inflating when the car travels over a bump or in case of a minor collision.In a frontal impact equivalent to hitting a solid barrier at a speed of 14.5 Km/h, the sensors located in the front of the car detect the sudden deceleration and send an electrical signal activating an initiator. The initiator is similar to a light bulb and contains a thin fit out that heats up, breaking through the propellant chamber. This sudden penetra tion causes the solid chemical propellant, usually sodium azide, sealed up inside the inflator to undergo a very quick chemical reaction. This controlled reaction produces harmless blasts of the nitrogen gas that inflates the air bag.The resulting nitrogen gas fills the nylon bag in less than one-twenty-fifth (1/25) of a second, chess opening its plastic cover on the stirring wheel and inflating in front of the passenger before this hits the stirring wheel. As the occupant hits the inflated bag, the nitrogen gas is pushed out through some openings at the back of the bag. The bag remains fully inflated for no longer than one-tenth (1/10) of a second and is almost completely deflated by three-tenths (3/10) of a second after the impact with the passenger. Talcum powder or corn starch is used to line the inside of the air bag and is released from the air bag as it is opened causing the characteristic white cloud.Components of an airbagAn air bag is formed by three main parts the nylon bag, the inflator, and the propellant. The bag is made from a woven nylon fabric and can differ in shape and size depending on the specific vehicle safety requirements. Talcum powder or corn starch is used when handling the air bag, since either of the two substances prevents the woven nylon fabric from sticking together and makes solicitation process easier.The inflator body is made from either stamped stainless steel or cast aluminium. Inside the inflator body there is a pick up assembly formed by a stainless steel wire mesh with ceramic material held in between. When the inflator body is assembled in the factory, the drip assembly is wrapped by a metal foil to maintain the filter sealed preventing propellant contamination.The propellant, typically sodium azide ,in the form of black pellets, is have with an oxidizer and is usually located inside the inflator body between the filter assembly and the initiator.EvaluationWhile analysing how I dealt with the Group Four Project, I noticed some facts that I could have improved, hence improvements that could be done in how my Group Four has worked. The members of my Group Four Project were Jacopo Mauro, Daniel Gardin, mare Airchinsky, Edoardo Nalon and Laure Rasscheart. I noticed that when we started to work at the project, we werent working(a) as a team, as we still didnt know what we really had to do, as time passed we got to know each other better and gained more confidence, thus, we started to work more as a team and we managed to assign tasks inside within the group, for example Edoardo had to contact some car stores and to gather information about the crumple zones and the materials used in the car production, Jacopo and Daniel were the ones who worked on the physics experiment, since they are the two members of the group who have taken the physics course, while Laure, Maria and I did the chemistry experiment, since we had the idea of the inflation of a balloon as a representation of an airbag.The proje ct could have been done in a more efficient way we lost a lot of time to genuinely start with various ideas, set the experiments, and start working as a group, although it is possible to recognize the fact that our problems in getting organized were also due the fact that the members of the group never had study periods at the same time. Probably, something that could have really helped our report was to have a leader perhaps not the smartest, but the one who could have made sure that everyone who was actually proceeding with their tasks, and not wait for the last minute to do so. Perhaps he/she could have given the others some deadlines, and set up meetings to see how everyone was doing. some other thing that we could have improved in our Group 4 Project was that we didnt have many meetings, we had also the summer to work on it, and we didnt really do much, so we waited for September when we came back from vacations to start again to worry about finishing the project.Moreover, eve ry member of the group was at a different level in chemistry and math, for example Jacopo and Daniel are very good at chemistry and physics, in fact they chose the scientific course, while Laure, Edoardo, Maria and I dont even take physics and arent objectively very good in chemistry.However, what emerged from our difficulties was a complex and elaborated project, a research on an important thematic such as safety in the streets, focusing on car accidents. Our project could be expanded on an international scale by suggesting other schools to perform the same research as we did, hence rising internationally the awareness in students on how chemistry and physics are important on a daily basis, how these subjects are at the base of our most important healthy issues.

Learning Organizations Essay

In the 1990, Peter Senge published a book c wholeed The Fifth elucidate that created a flurry of falsify within vigilance opinion, or at least that is what people say has happened as they avidly quote him. In the September/October 1999 give up of the Journal of Business Strategy, he was named a Strategist of the Century one of 24 men and women who comport had the greatest impact on the counseling we involve business today. (Smith 2001) In recent book reviews on amazon.com he is still lauded and his work touches the international business community as evidenced by reviews from UAE and India (The stress within the reviews has been added by the author) Amazon. com Peter Senge, founder of the Center for Organizational scholarship at MITs Sloan School of Management, experienced an epiphany while meditating one morning impale in the fall of 1987. That was the day he origin saw the possibilities of a attainment brass that used systems thinking as the primary tenet of a revolu tionary management philosophical system.He advanced the concept into this primer, originally released in 1990, written for those interested in integrating his philosophy into their corporate culture. The Fifth Discipline has turned galore(postnominal) readers into true believers it remains the ideal introduction to Senges c argonfully integrated corporate framework, which is structured around personal mastery, mental models, overlap vision, and squad acquisition. Using ideas that originate in fields from science to spiritualism, Senge explains why the acquisition scheme matters, provides an unvanished summary of his management principals, offers some basic tools for practicing it, and shows what its equivalent to operate under this system.The books concepts remain stimulating and relevant as ever. Howard Rothman picThe Book that began a fad, January 26, 2003 Reviewer ggxl from Bangalore, India This book was written quite a long age ago (in 1990) and shifted the boundaries of management from concentrating on silos (marketing, HR, finance, production) to looking at arrangings as open systems which interact with turn outside systems and put into motion forces that may non be easily understood use traditional systems to assessment. This qualification of Systems Thinking Senge called the Fifth Discipline, the other four being 1) Building Shargond passel 2) Mental models 3) Team encyclopaedism 4) Personal Mastery The field of Systems Thinking was developed in MIT under Prof Jay W.Forrester, but Senge gave it the managerial flavour, cross-fertilising sic it with folk beliefs, spirituality and scientific thought from around the world. The belief being, once an presidency has mastery of all the quint disciplines, the judicature can become a teaching institution. This book, therefore triggered the craze and fad on part of organizations to become culture organizations and the rise of the knowledge economy was perfect timing for it. Now when the ho opla has posturetled, it is time again to revisit the true essence of Senges work and what he REALLY means.picAn inspiration , February 7, 2002 Reviewer la-layl from Dubai, UAE The Learning Organization remains one of the al almost talked-of management concepts in todays business world, and nobody is as capable of explaining exactly what is a Learning Organization or what are the requirements for much(prenominal) an elusive concept than Peter Senge. Senges five disciplines are common concepts in many corporate offices. Often quoted in the management literature, he is considered by many to be the founder of the concept of the cultivation organization.Thirteen years later, the buzz has died d protest, and while Senge is still quoted, dedicate the principles of the scholarship organization been implemented? argon organizations acquisition? A search of the term schooling organization produces 133,000 hits on google. com, so people still embrace the concepts. This paper will e ndeavor to rise the literature on the learning organization in an attempt to define it and review some of the theories roughly it. It will withal provide examples of the attempt to investigate with the concepts of the learning organization in two organizations.The jump, an education department of a church undergoing transformation and the second, the training department of a larger-than-life managed healthcare entanglement provider. What does it bear to become a learning organization? Are organizations by nature, learning entities? This paper is an attempt to answer these questions. Defining the Learning Organization Learning organization, organizational learning, organizational victimization, knowledge management these are key terms to differentiate at the beginning of the journey of this discovery transit.These are my definitions Organizational evolution is a defined methodology of looking at an organization from a holistic perspective with the intention of improving it . Organizational learning is what happens as an organization matures and improves in essence, recognizing and changing the widget-making/serving process it is involved with to design a better widget maker/server. The learning organization is an organization that takes a ill-use stomach to look at the big picture of how it benefits from new ideas and errors with the intention of continuous cash advance.It is a deliberate process,and one component of organizational development. Knowledge management is the storage and retrieval of the tacit and implicit information contained within an organization, whether it is procedural or content oriented. Knowledge management makes information that is within individuals available and externalizes it for the availableness of the organization. Others define these differently and have written much well-nigh them. In the research literature, there does not appear to be a common, well authorized definition of these terms, though they are used freq uently. The next section will explore the theories and definitions of others.From the Experts Peter Senge In the opening (page 3) of Senges flagship book, The Fifth Discipline, he defines the learning organization as organizations where people continually expand their capacity to create the results they truly desire, where new and expansive patterns of thinking are nurtured, where collective inlet is set free, and where people are continually learning to see the whole together. (Senge 1990) As mentioned earlier, he defines the core of learning organization work based on five learning disciplines. To expand on them, in Senges words they are Personal MasteryLearning to expand our personal capacity to create the results we most desire, and creating an organizational environment which encourages all its members to develop themselves toward the goals and purposes they choose. Mental Models Reflecting upon, continually clarifying, and improving our internal pictures of the world, and se eing how they shape our actions and decisions. Shared Vision Building a wizard of commitment in a group, by developing shared images of the future we seek to create, and the principles and guiding practices by which we hope to get there.Team Learning Transforming conversational and collective thinking skills, so that groups of people can reliably develop intelligence and ability greater than the sum of individual members talents. Systems Thinking A musical mode of thinking about, and a language for describing and understanding, the forces and the interrelationships that shape the behavior of systems. This discipline helps us to see how to change systems more effectively, and to act more in tune with the larger processes of the natural and economic world. (Senge, Roberts et al. 1994)Senge believes that the learning organization exists primarily as a vision in our collective experience and imagination. ( p5, 1994) He in any case believes that the impact of practices, principles a nd essences are highly potent. Practices are what you do. Principles are guiding ideas and insights, and essence is the state of being those with high levels of mastery in the discipline. (Senge, 1990, p 373) He looks at leadership as teachers, stewards and designersquite a different metaphor than the traditional business practices of the time.It is the leaders who must pave the way to the creation of the learning organization, and they must also model the process. The authors of the companion work The Fifth Discipline Fieldbook (1994) see the learning organization as something that develops within a team, and is part of a deep learning cycle where team members develop new skills and abilities, which in turn create new awareness and sensibilities, which it turn creates new attitudes and beliefs. These new attitudes are the things that can change the deep beliefs and assumptions inherent in an organization and product transformation.inside the learning organization a sense of trus t and safety are established and the members are willing to reveal uncertainties and make and acknowledge mistakes. This cycle provides a plain of enduring change within the organization. The architecture of a learning organization is considered a domain of action and consists of guiding ideas, innovations in infrastructure, and theory, methods and tools. The guiding ideas entangle the vision, determine and purpose of the organization. They have philosophical depth and are seen as ongoing.They include the philosophy of the whole, the community nature of the self and the generative power of language. The development of tools and methods test these theories and cause them to be shaped and refined, and bring about the cyclical nature of this domain of action. These changes create infrastructure innovations and enable people to develop capabilities like systems thinking and collaborative inquiry within the context of their jobs. (1994, p34) Senges philosophy has been graphically ill ustrated using the domain of enduring change as a circle and the domain of action as a triangle (Figure 1).It is the interaction between the two that creates the active of the learning organization. pic Figure 1 Adapted from Senge, et al, 1994, p42 It is difficult to assess the results in this type of a system because deeper learning often does not produce indubitable evidence for considerable time. (p. 45) The core concepts contained in this model are At its essence, every organization is a product of how its members think and interactLearning in organizations means the continuous testing of experience, and the transformation of that experience into knowledgeaccessible to the whole organization, and relevant to its core purpose. (p 48-49) The creation of this type of learning organization comes from establishing a group that learns new ways to work together discussing priorities, working through divergent thinking, clarification, then convergent thinking to come to conclusions a nd implementation of the solution. The learning organization discovers how to best work with individual styles, allowing for reflection and other individual needs. It becomes a safe place to take risks, make mistakes, and learn from the results.The learning organization also works through the five disciplines of 1) building shared vision, 2) creating mental models 3) reinforcing team learning, 4) developing personal mastery and 5) understanding systems thinking. Much of what occurs is the creation of shared phraseology to produce common understandings. Learning about systems thinking concepts of links, reinforcing and balancing loops helps to define enigma issues. Following the publication of The Fifth Discipline, The Fifth Discipline Fieldbook (Senge, Roberts et al. 1994) and The Dance of alter (Senge, Kleiner et al.1999) were released with exercises to assist in the organizational development process and support the changes it created. Both contain re fountains helpful in the i mplementation process. To summarize, Senges model is based on the interaction and the learning that goes on between individuals in an organization. It is an intangible process, but one that can be enhanced by taking certain measures to shelter development. Peter Kline Peter Klines work on learning organizations, Ten Steps to a Learning Organization (Kline and Saunders 1998) focuses primarily on cultural change.He believes to have a Learning Organization, you must begin by having an organization of learners, then show them how to function in such a way that the organization as a whole can learn. (p8) He differentiates how individuals learn versus how organizations learn The most obvious difference between the way organization and individuals learn is that individuals have memories, which are essential to learning, while organizations dontThe main difference between a learning individual and a Learning Organization is in the information storage process.Individuals store their learni ng primarily in their memories, augmented by libraries, notes and other aids to memory. Organizations store it primarily in their cultures, with a tributary backup in documentation that is useful only if the culture is committed to making use of itIn simple terms, individuals learn through the activation and update of their memories while organizations learn through change in the culture. (p24) Kline discusses the difficulties of creating change in the organization, realizing that people in general are resistant to change.He defines ten conditions to build a learning organization, allowing people to be able to cope with the ambiguity of the change process. These conditions are 1) Assess the current learning culture to create a benchmark, Then have 2) Positive expectation that dilemmas can be resolved. 3) Support for the learning process itself. 4) Willingness to delay closure long enough to arrive at significant Gestalts rather than forced and trivial ones.5) Communication processe s that bring people together to consider in a friendly and noncompetitive atmosphere many different perceptions, templates, habits of thought and possible solutions, from which the most useful may then be chosen. 6) A cultural habit that encourages exploring apparently implicationless ambiguities with the expectation that meaning can be found in themas an expression of both a personal and organizational commitment to learning over the long haul. 7) The instauration of contexts within which meaning for new possibilities can be found as they emerge.8) A set of modeling skills, strategies and techniques or mechanisms that allows people more easily to ca-ca meaning out of apparent chaos. 9) A cultural understanding which is shared throughout management of the systemic interactions that will inevitably be present as complex Gestalts are formed. 10) An intuitive feeling for how complex interactions will be likely to occur. (p32) Klines third point is one of the key elements of creative thinkinglearning to continue to look for solutions rather than practiced accepting the first one that fits as best.His fourth point is similar to Senges concept of the team learning to work together in new ways, and incorporates convergent and divergent thinking. Kline presents his change model as The Great Game of Business, with terce elements 1) know the rules, 2) musical accompaniment score, and 3) have a stake in the action. (p 35) Knowing the rules is working to choose rules that emerge from self-organizing systems to select the ones that lead to the most productive behavior. Keeping score is about measurement, and having a stake in the action is about employee buy-in.He encourages that one of the rules must be the breaking beat the cultural barriers between managers and workers. Rules should also include integrative learning, (the restoration of the natural learning of early life), strategic micromanagement tools for decision making, communication and problem solving, gen erally originating from the people who use them and expanding the scoring system beyond financial reports. (p 38-39) Kline also acknowledges that the most valued asset of the organization is people, and the development of relationships between them if highly important so they can work together well.In the end of his book, Kline equates business to a theatre metaphor, by getting the show on the road. He speaks of improvisation, ensemble work, and creativity then continues the metaphor making workers the actors and leaders the directors. He emphasizes the need for continuous expediency and awareness of what everyone is doing while excelling in ones individual role as would occur in a theatrical production. He begins the process with an assessment of the culture from an institutional perspective to learn what everyone thinks, then from an individual perspective take responsibility for what you think and what you do.He stresses looking for fear, which can be disabling to an organizati on. Kline has created an assessment to look at the culture of the organization. It is designed to be filled out by the members of the organization, and discussed as a group to explore differences. The assessment may be scored by averaging the rating numbers for each question to provide an overall score of the conditions for creating a learning organization, or the individual scores may be entered in a matrix, which assigns the different questions to one of the ten locomote of his later plan.Using the matrix, scores are obtained for each of the ten areas, providing a more specific idea of which areas the organization needs the most work in. In filling out the form within an organization, it is anticipated that different groups within the establishment will have different perceptions of the organization itself. He recommends creating an overall report for the organization and asking the members to voice arranging or disagreement with the results. He also encourages that at this stag e, the ideal state of the organization is discussed to determine where it would like to be at the end of the process.A large portion of the learning comes from the discussions and the decisions for direction that follow afterwards. This is a similar pattern to DiBellas model of assessment. After the assessment is completed, the organization is instructed to work through steps two through ten. Kline provides numerous activities that focus on a variety of thinking skills, working to change attitudes and behaviors of individuals. Learning to reframe things in a positive way by looking in two directions at once at the current reality and the positive outcome that can be developed from it (p 70) is just one of the many ideas given for step two.He deals with learning styles, mind mapping, and teaches people how to listen to one another. He creates safe ways for people to take risks. Unlike some of the more theoretical books on Learning Organizations, Klines book contains practical steps f or developing a group to become a Learning Organization. Working through the ten steps as a team would do remarkable things within the group as they learn to learn together. Chris Argyris/Donald Schon Argyris is best known for his concepts of single and double-loop learning. In a book written with Donald Schon (1974), they believe that organizations learn through individuals acting as agents.Organization learning is the catching and correction of error. Their key concepts revolve around single- and double-loop learning. Single-loop learning results in the organization continuing in the existing policies while remedying the situation at hand, while double-loop learning examines and modifies norms, policies and objectives as necessary. there are needs for both types of learning. Argyris model is much earlier than most of the other organizational learning literature, and he is revered as a founding father by others and like Senge, often quoted in discussions on the learning organizat ion.As a side note, Argyris was one of Senges influential teachers Despite having read much of his writing, I was unprepared for what I learned when I first saw Chris Argyris practice his approach in an informal shop Ostensibly an academic presentation of Argyriss methods, it quickly evolved into a powerful demonstration of what action science practitioners call reflection in action. Within a matter of minutes, I watched the level of alertness and presentness of the entire group rise ten notches thanks not so much to Argyriss personal charisma, but to his skilful practice of drawing out generalizations.As the afternoon moved on, all of us were led to see (sometimes for he first time in our lives) subtle patterns of reasoning which underlay our behaviour and how those patterns continually got us into trouble. I had never had such a dramatic demonstration of own mental models in action But even more interesting, it became clear that, with proper training, I could become much more awa re of my mental models and how they operated. This was exciting. (Senge 1990, p. 182-183)In the December 2002 issue of Reflections, the Society of Organizational Learning Journal on Knowledge, Learning, and Change, Argyris article on Teaching Smart People How to Learn is reprinted as a classic. In this article, he references single- and double-loop learning, but discusses the need for managers and employees to look inward. They need to reflect critically on their own behavior, identify the ways they often inadvertently bestow to the organizations problems, and then change how they act. He makes the observation that the individuals in leadership in an organization are not accustomed to failing, therefore they have never learned to learn from failurethey become defensive, screen out criticism, and put the blame on anyone and everyone but themselves. In short, their ability to learn shuts down precisely at the moment they need it the most. He sees the learning from mistakes somethin g that must become a focus of organization learning and part of the continuous improvement programs within an organization.He discusses how often individuals turn the focus away from their own behavior to that of others which brings learning to a grinding halt. This type of behavior creates what he calls the doomsday loop where people do not follow the theories they espouse, acting inconsistently. He calls what they do as behaviors that apply theories-in-use. This type of behavior without examination creates repetition without reflection, and doesnt promote improvement. His first recommendation is to step back and examine what is occurring, and challenging it beginning with the uppermost strata of the organization.Argyris and Schons model involves governing variables, action strategies, and consequences. The governing values are the individuals theories-in-use, and the action strategies are what keeps their behavior within the boundaries created by the theories-in-use. The result ing actions are the consequences. The interaction between these concepts is illustrated in Figure 2. pic Figure 2 from (Smith 2001) When the consequences of the action strategy used are what the person anticipated, the theory-in-use is confirmed because there is a match between intention and outcome.There also may be a mismatch between intention and outcome. Sometimes, however, the consequences may be unintended or not match, or work against the persons governing values. This is where double-loop learning needs to be applied and processes and concepts revised. When only the action is corrected, Argyris refers to this as single-loop learning. (figure 3) pic Figure 3 (from Smith, 2001) Anthony DiBella DiBella defines organizational learning as the capacity (or processes) within an organization to notice or improve performance based on experience.This performance involves knowledge acquisition (the development or creation of skills, insights, relationships), knowledge sharing (the di ssemination to others of what has been acquired by some), and knowledge utilization (integration of the learning so that it is assimilated, broadly available, and can also be generalized to new situations. ) (DiBella, Nevis et al. 1996) DiBellas work in How Organizations Learn (DiBella and Nevis 1998), overviews the Learning Organization literature of that time, and classifies the writing into three categories the normative, the developmental and the capability perspectives.In the normative perspective, the learning organization presumes that learning as a collective activity only takes place under certain conditions or circumstancesThe role of organizational leaders is to create the conditions essential for learning to take place (DiBella 1995) Senges model fits this category. In the developmental perspective, the learning organization is a stage in the development of a maturing organization or in parallel, the development var. of the organization determines its learning styles an d character.The third perspective, capability, identifies that organizations develop and learn as they mature or by strategic choice, and that all organizations have embedded learning processes. kinda than ascribing to perspectives one or two, DiBella and his colleagues believe that all organizations have learning capabilities. These seven areas are labeled learning orientations and each runs on a continuum of opposites. For example, the knowledge source may be internal or external. These seven orientations and their descriptors are Seven Learning Orientations.Orientation Spectrum Description Knowledge source Internal/External Where does the organization get information from? Primarily from the inside or outside world? Content-Process focus Content/Process Which is more important the content of the information, or the process of doing it? Knowledge Reserve Personal/Public Where is information stored? Is it accessible to all, or in the heads of individuals? Disseminati on Mode Formal/Informal How is information given out in the organization? Through informal conversations, or in official meetings or written communication? Learning Scope Incremental/Transformative When learning occurs, are the changes little by little or dramatic ones? Value-Chain Focus Design-Make/Market-Deliver Is the focus more on how something is created and made, or promoted to the customer? Learning Focus Individual/ sort Is intentional learning geared toward individuals, or groups? Figure 4 These orientations are facilitated by ten factors called Facilitating Factors. These factors enhance certain orientations, and increase the likelihood of the organization surgical operation as a learning organization. Facilitating FactorsFacilitating Factor Description Scanning Imperative Gathering of information on best practices and conditions outside of the organization Performance rupture Shared perception in the organization between the current and desired perfo rmance Concern for Measurement Desire to measure key factors and discussion about the statistics Organizational Curiosity Interest in creative ideas and technology, with support for experimentation Climate of Openness Sharing of lessons learned, open communication about all areas at all levels Continuous Education Commitment to quality resources for learning Operational Variety Valuing different methods appreciation of diversity Multiple Advocates New ideas can be advanced by anyone in the organization multiple champions for learning exist throughout Involved Leadership Management is personally involved in the learning and perpetuation of the learning organization Systems Perspective Recognition of interdependence among organizational units and groups awareness of the time delay between actions and their outcomes Figure 5, adapted from DiBella In the digest process utilizing DiBellas methods, the organization determines its current status and desired status using the l earning orientations and facilitating factors.There is an interrelationship between the ten facilitating factors and the seven orientations, and stress on specific factors can help an organization become a better learning organization. In an article written with DiBella, Edwin Nevis calls learning a systems-level phenomenon because it cincture within the organization, even if individuals changeOrganizations learn as they produce. Learning is as much a task as the production and delivery of goods and services. (Nevis, DiBella et al. 1995) Nevis et al sees three learning-related factors important to an organizations success 1. Well developed core competencies that serve as launch points for new products and services 2. An attitude that supports continuous improvement in the businesss value-added chain. 3. The ability to fundamentally renew or revitalize. They see these factors as some of the qualities of an effective learning organization that diligently pursues a constantly enhanc ed knowledge base. There is also an assumption made about the learning process following three stages knowledge acquisition, sharing and utilization. There is the belief that all organizations are learning systems, that learning conforms to culture, there are stylistic variations between learning systems and that generic processes facilitate learning. The model supporting all this is comprised of the learning orientations and facilitating factors. Other perspectives Consultants online define the learning organization in similar ways.From the UK, David Skyrme (Farago and Skyrme 1995) quotes several other theorists on his website The essence of organisational learning is the organizations ability to use the amazing mental capacity of all its members to create the kind of processes that will improve its own (Nancy Dixon 1994) A Learning Company is an organization that facilitates the learning of all its members and continually transforms itself (M. Pedler, J. Burgoyne and Tom Boydell, 1991) Organizations where people continually expand their capacity to create the results they truly desire, where new and expansive patterns of thinking are nurtured, where collective aspiration is set free, and where people are continually learning to learn together (Peter Senge, 1990).Fargo and Skyrme use these thoughts to create their own definition Learning organizations are those that have in place systems, mechanisms and processes, that are used to continually enhance their capabilities and those who work with it or for it, to achieve sustainable objectives for themselves and the communities in which they participate. They speak of four elements that create learning organizations learning culture, processes, tools and techniques and skills and motivation. They define these as Learning Culture an organizational climate that nurtures learning. There is a strong similarity with those characteristics associated with innovation. Processes processes that encourage interaction a cross boundaries.These are infrastructure, development and management processes, as opposed to business operational processes (the typical focus of many BPR initiatives). Tools and Techniques methods that aid individual and group learning, such as creativity and problem solving techniques. Skills and Motivation to learn and adapt. They also define things that inhibit learning organizations operational/fire fighting preoccupation not creating time to sit back and think strategically too focused on systems and process (e. g. ISO9000) to exclusion of other factors (bureaucratic vs. thinking) reluctance to train (or invest in training), other than for obvious quick needs too many hidden personal agendas. too top-down driven, overtight supervision = lack of real empowerment Fredrick Simon and Ketsara Rugchart define a learning organization as one that is continually enhancing its ability to get the results it truly wants. (Simon and Rugchart 2003) They see organizational learnin g as facilitative of knowledge management by first aligning common vision reduces competitivenessallowing for greater demand for the shared knowledge (the information retrieval side of the equation)The greatest learning takes place in failure, when things dont go as expectedsharing leads to a willingness to be open and to risk vulnerability by sharing the learning from failure (the gossip side of the equation. ) Organizational learning does not replace knowledge management tools, but can provide a substantial accelerator to the KM effort. DaeYeon Cho looks at the connectio.

21st century religious fundamentalism and 20th century European Fascism Essay

Religious fundamentalism is the belief that social and policy-making life should be organized on the buns of what argon seen as essential sacred principles that ar supported by a belief in the literal faithfulness of scared texts.1 Fascism, on the other hand is a totalitarian political orientation that centers itself upon the drawing card and possesses the anti-factor whereby it rejects a whole lot of other ideologies such as liberalism and communism. At first glance, there seems to be not much connection amid twenty-first coulomb ghostlike fundamentalism and 20th atomic number 6 European Fascism however a more detailed comparison between the twain ideologies depart reveal similarities that caused the former to be slanged by somewhat as the new fascism and differences that made this view irrelevant.In the first half of this paper, I am going to compare and contrast the various similarities and differences between twenty-first ascorbic acid phantasmal fundamentalism an d 20th carbon European Fascism and then show that to deem religious fundamentalism as a new form of fascism is really unjustified. In the remaining half of the paper, I result make an argument for my belief that twenty-first century religious fundamentalism should indeed be considered as an ideology and as well the basis of its mass appeal.Due to the complexities and varieties of twenty-first century religious fundamentalism and 20th century fascism, the similarities and differences listed below after part be seen as generalizations and thus proven wrong by authorized sects of religious fundamentalism or certain style of fascism. However, this is inevitable as this is the only way to compare the similarities and differences between these two complex ideologies.The first similarity between twenty-first century religious fundamentalism and 20th century European Fascism is the emphasis in both ideologies upon charismatic leadership. Many of the fundamentalists believe in the embod iment of truth by their leader who volition in turn implement it.2 For instance, in the Catholic faith, the pope is seen as the Vicar of Christ and can do no wrong.3 Furthermore, Ruhollah Khomeini, the founder of Islamic Iran was recognise first as Ayatollah (a reflection of Allah) and then Grand Ayatollah. 4Fascism is based upon the cult of personality built around its leaders and it is effectively crafted to exploit this cult. For instance, Hitler effectively polite the Fuhrer cult through Nazi propaganda machine under the expertise of Goebbels and through films such as Triumph of Will by Leni Riefenstahl.5 Perhaps fascisms long emphasis on charismatic leadership is best embodied by Mussolinis proclamation, Fascism is Mussolinismwhat would Fascism be, if I had not been?6The second similarity between these two ideologies is the intolerance shown by both ideologies upon conflicting elements that goes against their principles. For instance, some sects of religious fundamentalism such as evangelicalism or Islamic fundamentalism exhibits little tolerance for other faiths and in some instances even prosecute and victimize minorities that believes in other faiths in a largely Islamist or Christian country.This intolerance withal translates into the belief that religious views can be coercive and religious views ought to have a role in politics thus cementing the power of the religious fundamentalists in their country. This is comparable to the racism and anti-Semitism present in European Fascism whereby the proclaimed enemies of the ideologies were shown no mercies and prosecuted and victimized through no faults of their own. The most extreme illustration of this is the holocaust which was brought about systematically by the Nazis.These two similarities certainly contributed to 21st century religious fundamentalism been branded by some as the new fascism. However, the more important contributing factor should be the increasing role that religion is playing in world politics. Judaism has produced its own militant nationalist terrorists Buddhists show a militant and violent side in their politics in Sri Lanka against Hindu Tamils.7 A few American evangelists have engaged in murder and violence on the abortion issue.8 Islam-inspired terrorism also received much publicity especially after the 911 attack. Furthermore, religious fundamentalists have tried their best to exert their influence through proper bring of government. For instance, American fundamentalists fielded candidates for elections.9 Thus the increasing influence that religious fundamentalists are trying to exert in politics and the adverse violent happenings that they brought in the 21st century doubtlessly brought echoes of the 20th century European Fascism which brought about not only the 2nd World War but also the holocaust.However, to brand 21st century religious fundamentalism as the new fascism is not only incorrect but also unjustified. In the following paragraphs, I pull up stakes proceed to show the differences between 21st century religious fundamentalism and 20th century European Fascism.21st century religious fundamentalism does not contain elements of racism, anti-semitism or the belief in the misadventure of a master race. It also holds no faith in eugenics. Furthermore, it is also an ideology that does not preach upon imperialism, militarism or world domination. All the above elements are defining attributes of 20th century European Fascism. The mere evidence that religious fundamentalism does not believe in all these attributes made the branding of it as a new form of fascism unjustified.Many religious fundamentalists believe that political power should be subordinated to religious power whereby the Bishop, the Rabbi, or the Ayatollah should be able to make the last decision on social issues.10 The best case scenario for religious fundamentalists would be as in the case of Iran where they actually govern however, compromises are made between religious fundamentalists and secular authorities.11 This belief that political power should be subordinate to religious power is of course the direct opposite of fascism whereby churches (religion) should be subordinate to the state.21st century religious fundamentalism also possess other aspects in their ideology that is absent in 20th century European Fascism. Some of these attributes are spiritualism and messianic spirit (where fundamentalists are concerned with the sacred and devote energy only in activities consonant with the words of God), against science (rejecting critical interpretations of the Bible and Darwins evolutionary possible action), belief in the supernatural, moralism and the subordination of women.12After showing the differences between 21st century religious fundamentalism and 20th century European Fascism, I will like to conclude that to brand the former as new fascism is not only unfair but incorrect. Next, this paper shall argue for 21st century r eligious fundamentalism to be accorded its rightful lieu as an ideology.Before I start defending my belief that religious fundamentalism is an ideology, I will like to provide the definitions of political possibleness and political philosophy. This is because of the commonly interchangeable usage of ideology, theory and philosophy and thus a clear distinction between the three terms will be helpful to my argument. Political philosophy is defined as a disinterested search for the principles of the good state and the good society.13 Political theory has been defined as disinterested search for knowledge of political and social reality.14 Thus many scholars claimed that political philosophy is a normative theory while political theory is an empirical theory.15 Political ideology contains both the normative and empirical propositions.16 Thus, I will now start my argument by looking at the characteristics of an ideology and how religious fundamentalism actually fits these characteristi cs and rejects any suggestions that religious fundamentalism is only a philosophy or a theory.Ideologies arise in conditions of crisis and in sections of society to whom the hitherto prevailing outlook has become unacceptable17 This accounts for the resurgence of religious fundamentalism in the late 20th to 21st century(similar to how European Fascism evolved) where social problems in western countries such as Britain and America have caused evangelicals to organize pressure groups to petition against abortion laws and other problems such as pornography. This progress explains the popularity of political Islam in the Middle East as it is the only other viable solution to the secular ideologies propagated by the West.An ideology is more than just ideas it is also actions based upon those ideas.18 21st century religious fundamentalism can be seen to fulfill this criterion as many examples show this. One example will be the establishment of Iran as an Islamic state and in its latest i ssue of Iran daily Iran reiterated that it will still maintain its fundamentalist ways disrespect pressures from the United States.19 Another example will be Evangelicals forming pressure groups to translate their ideas into actions. political orientation includes both empirical and normative elements-empirical assertions that certain conditions exist, and normative assertions that a certain political order is to be preferred.20 21st century religious fundamentalism does possess this quality and one instance will be how Islamic fundamentalist view the Israel issue where they see Israel as a western creation due to no fault of their own and sought not to recognize the status quo but to take steps to revise it. Another example will be Islamic fundamentalists view of the United States role in the Middle East.Ideology tends to be exclusive, absolute, and universal. 2121st century Religious Fundamentalism contains various different sects, for instance, evangelicalism and Islamic fundame ntalism and thus could not lay claim to this criterion. However, there are indeed common attributes deep down religious fundamentalism such as the inerrancy of the Written Word and the subordination of political power. Furthermore, within the different varieties of religious fundamentalism, one can points out that evangelicalism and Islamic fundamentalism is by itself, exclusive, absolute and universal.Lastly, Ideologies seek to elicit a response of commitment and obligation on the part of the adherents. Again, this criterion is easily satisfied by 21st century religious fundamentalism. This can be seen in the 911 suicide bombing of the twin towers by terrorists inspired by Political Islam. To pursue jihad, Islamic extremists are willing to give up their lives for a greater good. On a more moderate note, ideologies certainly influence evangelicals who try to fight against social laws that their ideology deem inappropriate.After showing the ability of 21st century religious fundamen talism of fulfilling the various criteria of an ideology, I can safely conclude that 21st century religious fundamentalism is an ideology and not a political philosophy or a political theory. In this last part of the paper, I will provide the basis of its mass appeal.The basis of 21st century religious fundamentalisms mass appeal must be its political vision of the world and the kind of a new society that it can bring to the world. Faced with social problems such as rising crime rates, teenage pregnancy and abortion rates in the Western countries, evangelical activists draw strength from its ideology and attempt to fight all these social problems through the formation of pressure groups pressuring and cajoling the government to make improvements in all realms of lives, from abolishing abortion to anti-pornography laws to religious education in school.These actions by evangelical activists from their perspective can be seen not only as morally recognize but also efforts made that ad here to their religious beliefs. Political Islams appeal in the Middle East can also be attributed to the eating away of traditional values brought about by rawization.22 Furthermore, complicated by the colonial experience, the failure of secular nationalism, the Israel creation and unhealthy US interferences in the region, political Islam carcass a very attractive alternative to western ideas.( the reason been that Islam cover all aspects of lives and offer solutions to just about everything)In conclusion, this paper has shown the similarities and the differences between 21st century religious fundamentalism and 20th century European Fascism and also argued that to call religious fundamentalism new fascism is not only incorrect but unjustified. This paper has also argued for 21st century religious fundamentalism to be considered as an ideology through the demonstration of it fulfilling the various criteria of an ideology. Lastly, this paper has provided the writers perception for the basis of 21st century religious fundamentalism mass appeal.BibliographyAndrew Heywood, Politics, second edition, palgrave foundations, 2002Aristotle A. Kallis, The Fascism Reader, first edition, Routledge, 2003Graham E. Fuller, The Future of Political Islam, palgrave, 2003J. Christopher Soper, Evangelical Christianity in the United States and Great Britain, Macmillian, 1994Reo M. Christenson, Ideologies and modern politics, first edition, Fletcher and Son Ltd, 1972Roy C. Macridis and Mark Hulliung, Contemporary Political Ideologies, Movements and Regimes,sixth edition, HarperCollins College Publishers, 1996http//www.iran-daily.com/1384/2526/html/ Iran Daily newspaper copyright,2005, 20/03/061 Andrew Heywood, Politics, second edition, palgrave foundations, 2002, p. 632 Roy C. Macridis and Mark Hulliung, Contemporary Political Ideologies, Movements and Regimes,sixth edition, HarperCollins College Publishers, 1996, p.2333 Hulluing, p. 2334 Hulluing, p. 2345 Aristotle A. Kallis, T he Fascism Reader, first edition, Routledge, 2003, p.2946 Reo M. Christenson, Ideologies and modern politics. first edition, Fletcher and Son Ltd, 1972, p. 607 Graham E. Fuller, The Future of Political Islam, palgrave, 2003 p. 788 Fuller, p. 789 Fuller, p. 7810 Hulluing, p. 23311 Hulluing, p. 23312 Hulluing, p. 23313 Christenson, p. 714 Christenson, p. 715 Christenson, p. 816 Christenson, p. 817 Christenson, p. 918 J. Christopher Soper, Evangelical Christianity in the United States and Great Britain,Macmillian,1994, p.2619 http//www.iran-daily.com/1384/2526/html/ Iran Daily Newspaper copyright,2005, 20/03/0620 Christenson, p. 1121 Christenson, p. 1122 Fuller, p. 68